A microcontroller or microprocessor need to send 2 types of information for operating this LCD Module, Data Information and Command Information. A 10KΩ preset whose fixed ends connected to VDD, VSS and variable end connected to VEE can be used to control contrast of the LCD. 3 ed pin VEE is used to control the contrast of the LCD display. 16×2 LCD Pin Diagramįirst two pins GND and VCC (VSS and VDD) are for providing power to LCD display. Don’t worry we already developed an LCD library including commonly used functions, so you can use it without any hardware knowledge of LCD. So we need to learn HD44780 Dot Matrix LCD Controller Datasheet. These LCDs commonly uses HD44780 compliant controllers. In these displays, each character is displayed using 5×8 or 5×10 dot matrix.įor controlling LCD using MPLAB XC8 compiler we need to know the hardware of LCD. Its other variants such as 16×1 and 16×4 are also available in the market. 16×2 means it contains 2 rows that can display 16 characters. 16×2 Character LCD is a very basic and low cost LCD module which is commonly used in electronic products and projects. XC8 COMPILER 1.42 HOW TOWhile the meaning of the standing figure is sufficiently confirmed by inscriptions as the representation of ‘Abd al-Malik the related enigmatic objects on the reverse of the gold and copper coins are barely treated in the literature.In this tutorial we will see How to Interface a 16×2 character LCD module with PIC 16F877A Microcontroller using MPLAB X IDE and MPLAB XC8 C Compiler. The iconographic symbols on the opposite sides of the standing - or in the case of the dirham half-figure - caliph vary: a ‘globe on a pole on steps’, a ‘portrait of the shahanshah’, a ‘lance under an arch’, or a phi-shaped object on steps. Although the standing caliph was not the definite answer to the question of an appropriate representation of the new empire and its state religion, he represents for the first time the power of this empire like the Byzantine basileos or the Sasanian shahanshah on their coins before him. The coinage with the standing Caliph stands between those coin types without any recognisable imperial iconography and those with the Word of God as iconic symbol of the Islamic empire and religion on the reformed epigraphic coinage of the years 77/696-7 to 78/697-8. The dissertation concludes with a comparison of the evolution of the precious metal coinage in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to the evolution of Islamic coinage in other regions of the Umayyad Caliphate and an exploration of the underlying nature of the coinage (i.e. This section includes a discussion of the historical context prior to, during, and after the Muslim conquest of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a discussion of find spots and circulation. The final section combines the numismatic evidence and the historical record provided by a variety of secondary sources into a numismatic history of the two regions. The second section encompasses the analysis of the metrological and metallurgical aspects of the coinage and the estimation of the number of dies for each series. This section also discusses the iconographical elements of the coinage, with a further chapter providing an analysis of certain anomalous examples that do not readily fit into the typology. XC8 COMPILER 1.42 SERIESThe typology analyses each series in detail. The first section is the typology, which divides the coinage into four series: Series 1, the Two Imperial Bust type Series 2, the Latin Epigraphic type Series 3, the Bilingual type and Series 4, the Post-Reform type. The balance of the dissertation is divided into three sections. The dissertation begins with a review of the analysis undertaken by earlier scholars, followed by an explanation of the adopted methodology, including the approach to the primary and secondary sources and the description of the methods used in the metrological, metallurgical, and die estimation analyses. This dissertation uses all of the available evidence provided by coins to construct a numismatic history of the early Islamic precious metal coinage of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula.
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